Attenuation of light transmission artifacts in wearable displays

ABSTRACT

A wearable display system includes an eyepiece stack having a world side and a user side opposite the world side, wherein during use a user positioned on the user side views displayed images delivered by the system via the eyepiece stack which augment the user’s view of the user’s environment. The wearable display system also includes an angularly selective film arranged on the world side of the of the eyepiece stack. The angularly selective film includes a polarization adjusting film arranged between pair of linear polarizers. The linear polarizers and polarization adjusting film significantly reduces transmission of visible light incident on the angularly selective film at large angles of incidence without significantly reducing transmission of light incident on the angularly selective film at small angles of incidence.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No.17/072,510, entitled “Attenuation of Light Transmission Artifacts inWearable Displays,” filed Oct. 16, 2020, which claims the benefit under35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Pat. Application No. 62/916,350, entitled“Attenuation of Light Transmission Artifacts in Wearable Displays,”filed Oct. 17, 2019, which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to techniques for attenuation of lighttransmission artifacts in wearable displays. BACKGROUND

Optical imaging systems, such as wearable display systems (e.g.,wearable display headsets) can include one or more eyepieces thatpresent projected images to a user. Eyepieces can be constructed usingthin layers of one or more highly refractive materials. As examples,eyepieces can be constructed from one or more layers of highlyrefractive glass, silicon, metal, or polymer substrates.

Multiple eyepieces can be used in conjunction to project a simulatedthree-dimensional image. For example, multiple eyepieces-each having adifferent pattern-can be layered one atop another, and each eyepiece canproject a different depth layer of a volumetric image. Thus, theeyepieces can collectively present the volumetric image to the useracross three-dimensions. This can be useful, for example, in presentingthe user with a “virtual reality” environment.

Optical elements in a wearable display system can also interact withambient light, which is light from the environment that the user is in.For example, diffractive structures in a wearable display system candiffract ambient light incident on the wearable display at a high angle,which would ordinarily not enter the users field of view, into the fieldof view creating visible artifact that diminishes the user’s experience.

SUMMARY

Wearable display systems are described that include angularly selectivefilms to mitigate artifacts associated with ambient light incident ofhigh incidence angles. For example, angularly selective films canutilize polarizers in combination with polarization adjusting elementsfor which the amount of adjustment varies depending on the angle ofincidence of the light, to reduce transmission of light at certainincidence angles. In certain embodiments, the angularly selective filmcan include a dynamic element in which the transmission properties canbe varied in response to certain stimuli, such as in response to anelectric field.

In general, in a first aspect, the invention features a wearable displaysystem, including an eyepiece stack having a world side and a user sideopposite the world side, wherein during use a user positioned on theuser side views displayed images delivered by the wearable displaysystem via the eyepiece stack which augment the user’s field of view ofthe user’s environment. The wearable display system also includes anangularly selective film arranged on the world side of the of theeyepiece stack, the angularly selective film including a polarizationadjusting film arranged between pair of linear polarizers, wherein thelinear polarizers and polarization adjusting film significantly reducestransmission of visible light incident on the angularly selective filmat large angles of incidence without significantly reducing transmissionof light incident on the angularly selective film at small angles ofincidence.

Embodiments of the wearable display system can include one or more ofthe following features and/or features of other aspects. For example,the pass axes of the two linear polarizers can be crossed.

In some embodiments, the polarization adjusting film rotates apolarization state of light transmitted by a first of the pair of linearpolarizers on the world side of the polarization adjusting film. Anamount of rotation of the polarization state can vary depending on anangle of incidence of light transmitted by the first of the pair oflinear polarizers. The light transmitted having large angles ofincidence can be rotated less than the light transmitted having smallangles of incidence.

Unpolarized light of wavelength in a range from 420 nm to 680 nmincident of the angularly selective film with an angle of incidencebetween 35° and 65° can have a transmission efficiency less than 0.5%.

Unpolarized light of wavelength in a range from 420 nm to 680 nmincident of the angularly selective film with an angle of incidencebetween -32° and + 32° can have a transmission efficiency greater than45%.

For a D65 source, the angularly selective film can shift a (0.33, 0.33)CIE 1931 white point less than (+/- 0.02, +/- 0.02) for unpolarizedlight with an angle of incidence between -32° and + 32°.

The angularly selective film can have an area greater than 10 mm x 10 mm(e.g., 200 mm² or more, 500 mm² or more, 1,000 mm² or more, such as2,500 mm² or more, e.g., greater than 50 mm x 50 mm).

The polarization adjusting film can include at least one layer of abirefringent material. For example, the at least one layer ofbirefringent material can include a C-plate. In some embodiments, the atleast one layer of birefringent material comprises a pair of quarterwave plates, the quarter wave plates being disposed on opposite sides ofthe C-plate. Each quarter wave plate can be arranged relative to acorresponding one of the linear polarizers to form a circular polarizer.

The at least one layer of birefringent material can include at least onequarter wave plate.

The polarization adjusting film can be a first polarization adjustingfilm and the angularly selective film can further include a secondpolarization adjusting film and a third linear polarizer, the secondpolarization adjusting film being arranged between pair of linearpolarizers and the third linear polarizer. The first and secondpolarization adjusting films can each be composed of one or more layersof birefringent materials. The one or more layers of birefringentmaterials of the first and second polarization adjusting films can eachinclude a C-plate. The one or more layers of birefringent materials ofthe first and second polarization adjusting films can each include apair of quarter wave plates arranged on opposite sides of thecorresponding C-plate.

The angularly selective film can include two or more stages, each stageincluding a polarization adjusting film arranged between a pair oflinear polarizers. Adjacent stages can share a linear polarizer.

The angularly selective film can further include a switchable elementhaving variable optical properties. The switchable element can include aliquid crystal layer between a pair of polarizers, wherein lighttransmission through the switchable element is variable. The switchableelement can include multiple pixels, the optical properties of eachpixel being separately variable.

In general, in another aspect, the invention features methods fordisplaying an image using a wearable display system, the methodsincluding directing display light from a display towards a user throughan eyepiece to project images in the user’s field of view andtransmitting ambient light from the user’s environment through theeyepiece. Transmitting the ambient light includes attenuating lightincident on the eyepiece from the environment as a function of an angleof incidence of the ambient light on the eyepiece, the ambient lightincident on the eyepiece at angles of incidence of 35° or more beingmore strongly attenuated than the ambient light incident on the eyepieceat angles of incidence of 35° or less.

Implementations of the methods can include one or more of the followingfeatures and/or features of other aspects. For examples, attenuating theambient light can include polarizing the ambient light to providepolarized light and modulating a polarization state of the polarizedlight as a function of angle of incidence of the ambient light.Modulating the polarization state of the polarized light can includerotating the polarization state. An amount of rotation of thepolarization state can vary depending on the angle of incidence of theambient light. For example, the amount of rotation can decrease forincreasing angles of incidence. In some embodiments, attenuating theambient light further includes directing the polarized light through asecond polarizer.

Transmission of ambient light can be 1% or less (e.g., 0.5% or less,0.3% or less, 0.2% or less, 0.1% or less) for at least one angle ofincidence greater than 30° (e.g., 35° or greater, 40° or greater, 45° orgreater, 50° or greater). In some embodiments, transmission of ambientlight is 1% or less for at least one angle of incidence greater than50°. In certain embodiments, transmission of ambient light is 1% or lessfor at least one angle of incidence in a range from 60° to 80°.

Directing the display light can include waveguiding display lightthrough a waveguide in the eyepiece and diffracting the waveguideddisplay light towards the user.

The method can include varying an attenuation of the transmitted ambientlight in response to a signal from the wearable display system. Forexample, the attenuation can be varied by different amounts across theeyepiece. In some embodiments, the attenuation is varied using a liquidcrystal element.

Among other advantages, implementations of the invention can reduceundesirable optical artifacts (e.g., rainbow effects) in certainwearable displays associated with stray ambient light interacting withgrating structures in the displays. For example, waveguide basedwearable displays (e.g., for AR/MR applications) that employ surfacerelief gratings can diffract stray ambient light into the eyebox of thedisplay, resulting in unwanted artifacts in the user’s field of view,diminishing the user’s experience. Implementations of the invention cansignificantly reduce such artifacts without significantly impacting theuser’s viewed field.

Implementations can attenuate the transmission of ambient light based onits angle of incidence. For instance, a film that selectively attenuateslight for angles of incidence larger than the user’s field-of-view canmitigate the visibility of the artifacts generated by the diffractivenear-eye-display without sacrificing the transmission of the user’s viewof the world.

The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanyingdrawings and the description below. Other features and advantages willbe apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of a wearable display system.

FIG. 2A shows a conventional display system for simulatingthree-dimensional image data for a user.

FIG. 2B shows aspects of an approach for simulating three-dimensionalimage data using multiple depth planes.

FIGS. 3A-3C show relationships between radius of curvature and focalradius.

FIG. 4 shows an example of a waveguide stack for outputting imageinformation to a user in an AR eyepiece.

FIGS. 5 and 6 show examples of exit beams outputted by a waveguide.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic diagrams illustrating light paths througha display combiner having a surface relief grating.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are schematic diagrams comparting light transmissionthrough a display combiner with and without an angularly selective film.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an eyepiece with a display combiner andan example of an angularly selective film.

FIG. 10 is a plot showing transmission as a function of incident lightangle through an example of an angularly selective film.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an eyepiece with a display combinerand another example of an angularly selective film.

FIG. 12 is a plot showing transmission as a function of incident lightangle through another example of an angularly selective film.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of an eyepiece with a display combinerand an example of an angularly selective film that include a segmenteddimmer.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of an eyepiece with a display combinerand another example of an angularly selective film that include asegmented dimmer.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of an eyepiece with a display combinerand yet a further example of an angularly selective film that include asegmented dimmer.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of an example computer system useful with awearable display system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates an example wearable display system 60 that includes adisplay or eyepiece 70, and various mechanical and electronic modulesand systems to support the functioning of that display 70. The display70 is housed in a frame 80, which is wearable by a display system user90 and which is configured to position the display 70 in front of theeyes of the user 90. The display 70 may be considered eyewear in someembodiments. In some embodiments, a speaker 100 is coupled to the frame80 and is positioned adjacent the ear canal of the user 90. The displaysystem may also include one or more microphones 110 to detect sound. Themicrophone 110 can allow the user to provide inputs or commands to thesystem 60 (e.g., the selection of voice menu commands, natural languagequestions, etc.), and/or can allow audio communication with otherpersons (e.g., with other users of similar display systems). Themicrophone 110 can also collect audio data from the user’s surroundings(e.g., sounds from the user and/or environment). In some embodiments,the display system may also include a peripheral sensor 120 a, which maybe separate from the frame 80 and attached to the body of the user 90(e.g., on the head, torso, an extremity, etc.). The peripheral sensor120 a may acquire data characterizing the physiological state of theuser 90 in some embodiments.

The display 70 is operatively coupled by a communications link 130, suchas by a wired lead or wireless connectivity, to a local data processingmodule 140 which may be mounted in a variety of configurations, such asfixedly attached to the frame 80, fixedly attached to a helmet or hatworn by the user, embedded in headphones, or removably attached to theuser 90 (e.g., in a backpack-style configuration or in a belt-couplingstyle configuration). Similarly, the sensor 120 a may be operativelycoupled by communications link 120 b (e.g., a wired lead or wirelessconnectivity) to the local processor and data module 140. The localprocessing and data module 140 may include a hardware processor, as wellas digital memory, such as non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory or ahard disk drive), both of which may be utilized to assist in theprocessing, caching, and storage of data. The data may include data 1)captured from sensors (which may be, e.g., operatively coupled to theframe 80 or otherwise attached to the user 90), such as image capturedevices (e.g., cameras), microphones, inertial measurement units,accelerometers, compasses, GPS units, radio devices, gyros, and/or othersensors disclosed herein; and/or 2) acquired and/or processed using aremote processing module 150 and/or a remote data repository 160(including data relating to virtual content), possibly for passage tothe display 70 after such processing or retrieval. The local processingand data module 140 may be operatively coupled by communication links170, 180, such as via a wired or wireless communication links, to theremote processing module 150 and the remote data repository 160 suchthat these remote modules 150, 160 are operatively coupled to each otherand available as resources to the local processing and data module 140.In some embodiments, the local processing and data module 140 mayinclude one or more of the image capture devices, microphones, inertialmeasurement units, accelerometers, compasses, GPS units, radio devices,and/or gyros. In some other embodiments, one or more of these sensorsmay be attached to the frame 80, or may be standalone devices thatcommunicate with the local processing and data module 140 by wired orwireless communication pathways.

The remote processing module 150 may include one or more processors toanalyze and process data, such as image and audio information. In someembodiments, the remote data repository 160 may be a digital datastorage facility, which may be available through the internet or othernetworking configuration in a “cloud” resource configuration. In someembodiments, the remote data repository 160 may include one or moreremote servers, which provide information (e.g., information forgenerating augmented reality content) to the local processing and datamodule 140 and/or the remote processing module 150. In otherembodiments, all data is stored and all computations are performed inthe local processing and data module, allowing fully autonomous use froma remote module.

The perception of an image as being “three-dimensional” or “3-D” may beachieved by providing slightly different presentations of the image toeach eye of the user. FIG. 2A illustrates a conventional display systemfor simulating three-dimensional image data for a user. Two distinctimages 190, 200-one for each eye 210, 220-are output to the user. Theimages 190, 200 are spaced from the eyes 210, 220 by a distance 230along an optical or z-axis that is parallel to the line of sight of theuser. The images 190, 200 are flat and the eyes 210, 220 may focus onthe images by assuming a single accommodated state. Such 3-D displaysystems rely on the human visual system to combine the images 190, 200to provide a perception of depth and/or scale for the combined image.

However, the human visual system is complicated and providing arealistic perception of depth is challenging. For example, many users ofconventional “3-D” display systems find such systems to be uncomfortableor may not perceive a sense of depth at all. Objects may be perceived asbeing “three-dimensional” due to a combination of vergence andaccommodation. Vergence movements (e.g., rotation of the eyes so thatthe pupils move toward or away from each other to converge therespective lines of sight of the eyes to fixate upon an object) of thetwo eyes relative to each other are closely associated with focusing (or“accommodation”) of the lenses of the eyes. Under normal conditions,changing the focus of the lenses of the eyes, or accommodating the eyes,to change focus from one object to another object at a differentdistance will automatically cause a matching change in vergence to thesame distance, under a relationship known as the “accommodation-vergencereflex,” as well as pupil dilation or constriction. Likewise, undernormal conditions, a change in vergence will trigger a matching changein accommodation of lens shape and pupil size. As noted herein, manystereoscopic or “3-D” display systems display a scene using slightlydifferent presentations (and, so, slightly different images) to each eyesuch that a three-dimensional perspective is perceived by the humanvisual system. Such systems can be uncomfortable for some users,however, since they simply provide image information at a singleaccommodated state and work against the “accommodation-vergence reflex.”Display systems that provide a better match between accommodation andvergence may form more realistic and comfortable simulations ofthree-dimensional image data.

FIG. 2B illustrates aspects of an approach for simulatingthree-dimensional image data using multiple depth planes. With referenceto FIG. 2B, the eyes 210, 220 assume different accommodated states tofocus on objects at various distances on the z-axis. Consequently, aparticular accommodated state may be said to be associated with aparticular one of the illustrated depth planes 240, which has anassociated focal distance, such that objects or parts of objects in aparticular depth plane are in focus when the eye is in the accommodatedstate for that depth plane. In some embodiments, three-dimensional imagedata may be simulated by providing different presentations of an imagefor each of the eyes 210, 220, and also by providing differentpresentations of the image corresponding to multiple depth planes. Whilethe respective fields of view of the eyes 210, 220 are shown as beingseparate for clarity of illustration, they may overlap, for example, asdistance along the z-axis increases. In addition, while the depth planesare shown as being flat for ease of illustration, it will be appreciatedthat the contours of a depth plane may be curved in physical space, suchthat all features in a depth plane are in focus with the eye in aparticular accommodated state.

The distance between an object and an eye 210 or 220 may also change theamount of divergence of light from that object, as viewed by that eye.FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate relationships between distance and the divergenceof light rays. The distance between the object and the eye 210 isrepresented by, in order of decreasing distance, R1, R2, and R3. Asshown in FIGS. 3A-3C, the light rays become more divergent as distanceto the object decreases. As distance increases, the light rays becomemore collimated. Stated another way, it may be said that the light fieldproduced by a point (the object or a part of the object) has a sphericalwavefront curvature, which is a function of how far away the point isfrom the eye of the user. The curvature increases with decreasingdistance between the object and the eye 210. Consequently, at differentdepth planes, the degree of divergence of light rays is also different,with the degree of divergence increasing with decreasing distancebetween depth planes and the user’s eye 210. While only a single eye 210is illustrated for clarity of illustration in FIGS. 3A-3C and otherfigures herein, it will be appreciated that the discussions regardingthe eye 210 may be applied to both eyes 210 and 220 of a user.

A highly believable simulation of perceived depth may be achieved byproviding, to the eye, different presentations of an image correspondingto each of a limited number of depth planes. The different presentationsmay be separately focused by the user’s eye, thereby helping to providethe user with depth cues based on the amount of accommodation of the eyerequired to bring into focus different image features for the scenelocated on different depth planes and/or based on observing differentimage features on different depth planes being out of focus.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a waveguide stack for outputting imageinformation to a user in an AR eyepiece. A display system 250 includes astack of waveguides, or stacked waveguide assembly, 260 that may beutilized to provide three-dimensional perception to the eye/brain usinga plurality of waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310. In some embodiments,the display system 250 is the system 60 of FIG. 1 , with FIG. 4schematically showing some parts of that system 60 in greater detail.For example, the waveguide assembly 260 may be part of the display 70 ofFIG. 1 . It will be appreciated that the display system 250 may beconsidered a light field display in some embodiments.

The waveguide assembly 260 may also include a plurality of features 320,330, 340, 350 between the waveguides. In some embodiments, the features320, 330, 340, 350 may be one or more lenses. The waveguides 270, 280,290, 300, 310 and/or the plurality of lenses 320, 330, 340, 350 may beconfigured to send image information to the eye with various levels ofwavefront curvature or light ray divergence. Each waveguide level may beassociated with a particular depth plane and may be configured to outputimage information corresponding to that depth plane. Image injectiondevices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 may function as a source of light forthe waveguides and may be utilized to inject image information into thewaveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, each of which may be configured, asdescribed herein, to distribute incoming light across each respectivewaveguide, for output toward the eye 210. Light exits an output surface410, 420, 430, 440, 450 of each respective image injection device 360,370, 380, 390, 400 and is injected into a corresponding input surface460, 470, 480, 490, 500 of the respective waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300,310. In some embodiments, the each of the input surf aces 460, 4 70,480, 490, 500 may be an edge of a corresponding waveguide, or may bepart of a major surface of the corresponding waveguide (that is, one ofthe waveguide surfaces directly facing the world 510 or the user’s eye210). In some embodiments, a beam of light (e.g., a collimated beam) maybe injected into each waveguide and may be replicated, such as bysampling into beamlets by diffraction, in the waveguide and thendirected toward the eye 210 with an amount of optical powercorresponding to the depth plane associated with that particularwaveguide. In some embodiments, a single one of the image injectiondevices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 may be associated with, and inject lightinto, a plurality (e.g., three) of the waveguides 270, 280, 290,300,310.

In some embodiments, the image injection devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400are discrete displays that each produce image information for injectioninto a corresponding waveguide 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, respectively. Insome other embodiments, the image injection devices 360, 370, 380, 390,400 are the output ends of a single multiplexed display which maytransmit image information via one or more optical conduits (such asfiber optic cables) to each of the image injection devices 360, 370,380, 390, 400. It will be appreciated that the image informationprovided by the image injection devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 mayinclude light of different wavelengths, or colors.

In some embodiments, the light injected into the waveguides 270, 280,290, 300, 310 is provided by a light projector system 520, whichincludes a light module 530, which may include a light source or lightemitter, such as a light emitting diode (LED). The light from the lightmodule 530 may be directed to, and modulated by, a light modulator 540(e.g., a spatial light modulator), via a beamsplitter (BS) 550. Thelight modulator 540 may spatially and/or temporally change the perceivedintensity of the light injected into the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300,310. Examples of spatial light modulators include liquid crystaldisplays (LCD), including a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) displays,and digital light processing (DLP) displays.

In some embodiments, the light projector system 520, or one or morecomponents thereof, may be attached to the frame 80 (FIG. 1 ). Forexample, the light projector system 520 may be part of a temporalportion (e.g., ear stem 82) of the frame 80 or disposed at an edge ofthe display 70. In some embodiments, the light module 530 may beseparate from the BS 550 and/or light modulator 540.

In some embodiments, the display system 250 may be a scanning fiberdisplay comprising one or more scanning fibers to project light invarious patterns (e.g., raster scan, spiral scan, Lissajous patterns,etc.) into one or more waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 and ultimatelyinto the eye 210 of the user. In some embodiments, the illustrated imageinjection devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 may schematically represent asingle scanning fiber or a bundle of scanning fibers configured toinject light into one or a plurality of the waveguides 270, 280, 290,300, 310. In some other embodiments, the illustrated image injectiondevices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 may schematically represent a pluralityof scanning fibers or a plurality of bundles of scanning fibers, each ofwhich are configured to inject light into an associated one of thewaveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310. One or more optical fibers maytransmit light from the light module 530 to the one or more waveguides270, 280, 290, 300, and 310. In addition, one or more interveningoptical structures may be provided between the scanning fiber, orfibers, and the one or more waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 to, forexample, redirect light exiting the scanning fiber into the one or morewaveguides 270,280,290,300,310.

A controller 560 controls the operation of the stacked waveguideassembly 260, including operation of the image injection devices 360,370, 380, 390, 400, the light source 530, and the light modulator 540.In some embodiments, the controller 560 is part of the local dataprocessing module 140. The controller 560 includes programing (e.g.,instructions in a non-transitory medium) that regulates the timing andprovision of image information to the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300,310. In some embodiments, the controller may be a single integraldevice, or a distributed system connected by wired or wirelesscommunication channels. The controller 560 may be part of the processingmodules 140 or 150 (FIG. 1 ) in some embodiments.

The waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may be configured to propagatelight within each respective waveguide by total internal reflection(TIR). The waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may each be planar or haveanother shape (e.g., curved), with major top and bottom surfaces andedges extending between those major top and bottom surfaces. In theillustrated configuration, the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 mayeach include out-coupling optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 thatare configured to extract light out of a waveguide by redirecting thelight, propagating within each respective waveguide, out of thewaveguide to output image information to the eye 210. Extracted lightmay also be referred to as out-coupled light and the out-couplingoptical elements light may also be referred to light extracting opticalelements. An extracted beam of light may be output by the waveguide atlocations at which the light propagating in the waveguide strikes alight extracting optical element. The out-coupling optical elements 570,580, 590, 600, 610 may be, for example, diffractive optical features,including diffractive gratings, as discussed further herein. While theout-coupling optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 are illustrated asbeing disposed at the bottom major surfaces of the waveguides 270, 280,290, 300, 310, in some embodiments they may be disposed at the topand/or bottom major surfaces, and/or may be disposed directly in thevolume of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, as discussed furtherherein. In some embodiments, the out-coupling optical elements 570, 580,590, 600, 610 may be formed in a layer of material that is attached to atransparent substrate to form the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310. Insome other embodiments, the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may be amonolithic piece of material and the out-coupling optical elements 570,580, 590, 600, 610 may be formed on a surface and/or in the interior ofthat piece of material.

Each waveguide 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may output light to form an imagecorresponding to a particular depth plane. For example, the waveguide270 nearest the eye may deliver collimated beams of light to the eye210. The collimated beams of light may be representative of the opticalinfinity focal plane. The next waveguide up 280 may output collimatedbeams of light which pass through the first lens 350 (e.g., a negativelens) before reaching the eye 210. The first lens 350 may add a slightconvex wavefront curvature to the collimated beams so that the eye/braininterprets light coming from that waveguide 280 as originating from afirst focal plane closer inward toward the eye 210 from opticalinfinity. Similarly, the third waveguide 290 passes its output lightthrough both the first lens 350 and the second lens 340 before reachingthe eye 210. The combined optical power of the first lens 350 and thesecond lens 340 may add another incremental amount of wavefrontcurvature so that the eye/brain interprets light coming from the thirdwaveguide 290 as originating from a second focal plane that is evencloser inward from optical infinity than was light from the secondwaveguide 280.

The other waveguide layers 300, 310 and lenses 330, 320 are similarlyconfigured, with the highest waveguide 310 in the stack sending itsoutput through all of the lenses between it and the eye for an aggregatefocal power representative of the closest focal plane to the person. Tocompensate for the stack of lenses 320, 330, 340, 350 whenviewing/interpreting light coming from the world 510 on the other sideof the stacked waveguide assembly 260, a compensating lens layer 620 maybe disposed at the top of the stack to compensate for the aggregateoptical power of the lens stack 320, 330, 340, 350 below. Such aconfiguration provides as many perceived focal planes as there areavailable waveguide/lens pairings. Both the out-coupling opticalelements of the waveguides and the focusing aspects of the lenses may bestatic (i.e., not dynamic or electro-active). In some alternativeembodiments, either or both may be dynamic using electro-activefeatures.

In some embodiments, two or more of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300,310 may have the same associated depth plane. For example, multiplewaveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may output images set to the samedepth plane, or multiple subsets of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300,310 may output images set to the same plurality of depth planes, withone set for each depth plane. This can provide advantages for forming atiled image to provide an expanded field of view at those depth planes.

The out-coupling optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 may beconfigured to both redirect light out of their respective waveguides andto output this light with the appropriate amount of divergence orcollimation for a particular depth plane associated with the waveguide.As a result, waveguides having different associated depth planes mayhave different configurations of out-coupling optical elements 570, 580,590, 600, 610, which output light with a different amount of divergencedepending on the associated depth plane. In some embodiments, the lightextracting optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 may be volumetric orsurface features, which may be configured to output light at specificangles. For example, the light extracting optical elements 570, 580,590, 600, 610 may be volume holograms, surface holograms, and/ordiffraction gratings. In some embodiments, the features 320, 330, 340,350 may not be lenses; rather, they may simply be spacers (e.g.,cladding layers and/or structures for forming air gaps).

In some embodiments, the out-coupling optical elements 570, 580, 590,600, 610 are diffractive features with a diffractive efficiencysufficiently low such that only a portion of the power of the light in abeam is re-directed toward the eye 210 with each interaction, while therest continues to move through a waveguide via TIR. Accordingly, theexit pupil of the light module 530 is replicated across the waveguide tocreate a plurality of output beams carrying the image information fromlight source 530, effectively expanding the number of locations wherethe eye 210 may intercept the replicated light source exit pupil. Thesediffractive features may also have a variable diffractive efficiencyacross their geometry to improve uniformity of light output by thewaveguide.

In some embodiments, one or more diffractive features may be switchablebetween “on” states in which they actively diffract, and “off” states inwhich they do not significantly diffract. For instance, a switchablediffractive element may include a layer of polymer dispersed liquidcrystal in which microdroplets form a diffraction pattern in a hostmedium, and the refractive index of the microdroplets may be switched tosubstantially match the refractive index of the host material (in whichcase the pattern does not appreciably diffract incident light) or themicrodroplet may be switched to an index that does not match that of thehost medium (in which case the pattern actively diffracts incidentlight).

In some embodiments, a camera assembly 630 (e.g., a digital camera,including visible light and IR light cameras) may be provided to captureimages of the eye 210, parts of the eye 210, or at least a portion ofthe tissue surrounding the eye 210 to, for example, detect user inputs,extract biometric information from the eye, estimate and track the gazedirection of the eye, to monitor the physiological state of the user,etc. In some embodiments, the camera assembly 630 may include an imagecapture device and a light source to project light (e.g., IR or near-IRlight) to the eye, which may then be reflected by the eye and detectedby the image capture device. In some embodiments, the light sourceincludes light emitting diodes (“LEDs”), emitting in IR or near-IR. Insome embodiments, the camera assembly 630 may be attached to the frame80 (FIG. 1 ) and may be in electrical communication with the processingmodules 140 or 150, which may process image information from the cameraassembly 630 to make various determinations regarding, for example, thephysiological state of the user, the gaze direction of the wearer, irisidentification, etc. In some embodiments, one camera assembly 630 may beutilized for each eye, to separately monitor each eye.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of exit beams output by a waveguide. Onewaveguide is illustrated (with a perspective view), but other waveguidesin the waveguide assembly 260 (FIG. 4 ) may function similarly. Light640 is injected into the waveguide 270 at the input surface 460 of thewaveguide 270 and propagates within the waveguide 270 by TIR. Throughinteraction with diffractive features, light exits the waveguide as exitbeams 650. The exit beams 650 replicate the exit pupil from a projectordevice which projects images into the waveguide. Any one of the exitbeams 650 includes a sub-portion of the total energy of the input light640. And in a perfectly efficient system, the summation of the energy inall the exit beams 650 would equal the energy of the input light 640.The exit beams 650 are illustrated as being substantially parallel inFIG. 6 but, as discussed herein, some amount of optical power may beimparted depending on the depth plane associated with the waveguide 270.Parallel exit beams may be indicative of a waveguide with out-couplingoptical elements that out-couple light to form images that appear to beset on a depth plane at a large distance (e.g., optical infinity) fromthe eye 210. Other waveguides or other sets of out-coupling opticalelements may output an exit beam pattern that is more divergent, asshown in FIG. 6 , which would require the eye 210 to accommodate to acloser distance to bring it into focus on the retina and would beinterpreted by the brain as light from a distance closer to the eye 210than optical infinity.

Additional information regarding wearable display systems (e.g.,including optical elements used in wearable display systems) can befound in U.S. Pat. Publication No. U.S. 2019/0187474 A1, filed Dec. 14,2018, and entitled “EYEPIECES FOR AUGMENTED REALITY DISPLAY SYSTEM,” thecontents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

As noted above, wearable display system 60 includes one or more opticalelements having one or more grating structures that enhance an opticalperformance of the wearable display system. For example, referring toFIGS. 7A and 7B, a diffractive relief structure, grating 710, is usedwith a near-eye display combiner 700 (e.g., a stacked waveguide assemblyas described above) as an exit pupil expander (EPE), increasing the sizeof the wearable display system’s exit pupil. As illustrated in FIG. 7A,combiner 700 includes a waveguide 720 (e.g., a glass substrate) thatguides edge-coupled light via total-internal-reflection (TIR) along itslength while grating 710 diffracts incident guided light so that atleast some of the light is extracted from light guide 710 towards theuser of the display system.

Referring specifically to FIG. 7B, ambient light from the user’senvironment is also incident on display combiner 700 from the “world”side. This light interacts with grating 710 and at least some of thislight can be diffracted into the user’s field of view. When viewed bythe user through the EPE, the light diffracted from the world can appearas an undesirable image artifact. The angles-of-incidence which generateartifacts in the user’s field-of-view generally depends on the design onthe display combiner. For diffractive waveguide based display combiners,large angles-of-incidence often result in stray light paths nearest thecenter of the user’s world field-of-view.

This effect is further illustrated in FIG. 8A, which shows a displaycombiner 800. Ambient light is incident on a front surface of displaycombiner 800 at an incident angle θ_(inc). At least some of the incidentlight is transmitted through the grating and the combiner asillustrated. However, display combiner 800 supports a grating (notshown) that diffracts at least some of the incident light toward theuser. This light, labeled stray light, diffracts at an angle θ_(stray).

Referring to FIG. 8B, an angularly selective film 810 can be applied to(e.g., laminated onto) display combiner 800 to reduce stray lightartifacts associate with ambient light. Generally, the transmission oflight through film 810 depends on the angle of incidence of the light onthe film. As illustrated, film 810 reduces (e.g., blocks) transmissionof light having an angle of incident θ_(inc), that is relatively high(e.g., 30° or more, 35° or more, 40° or more, 45° or more, e.g., such asa user would experience from overhead lighting in indoor environments)but transmits light having a lower angle of incidence, θ_(a) (e.g.“world light” seen by the wearer in the core field of view of thedevice), The angularly selective film can perform this function over abroad range of wavelengths, e.g., over the operative wavelength range ofthe display system, such as from 420 nm to 680 nm.

The transmission efficiency for incident light generally varies as afunction of incident angle from relatively high transmission efficiency(e.g., 40% or more, 45% or more) to a relatively low transmissionefficiency (e.g., less than 1%, less than 0.5%). Transmission efficiencyrefers to the relative intensity of light transmitted at a particularwavelength. In some embodiments, unpolarized light of wavelength in arange from 420 nm to 680 nm incident of the angularly selective filmwith an angle of incidence between 35° and 65° has a transmissionefficiency less than 0.5%. In certain embodiments, unpolarized light ofwavelength in a range from 420 nm to 680 nm incident of the angularlyselective film with an angle of incidence between -32° and + 32° has atransmission efficiency greater than 45%.

The angularly selective film can also have a relatively small impact onthe color of images viewed through the film. For example, for a D65source, the angularly selective film can shift a (0.33, 0.33) CIE 1931white point less than (+/- 0.02, +/- 0.02) (e.g., (+/- 0.01, +/- 0.01)or less) for unpolarized light with an angle of incidence between -32°and + 32°.

Transmission of the angularly selective film can also be characterizedby attenuation, which can be high for relatively high incident angles(e.g., 10 dB or more, 15 dB or more, 20 dB or more, 25 dB or more, 30 dBor more). Light at lower incident angles, such as 25° or less (e.g., 20°or less, 15° or less, 10° or less) can experience very low levels ofattenuation (e.g., 2 dB or less, 1 dB or less).

Generally, angularly selective film 810 can be relatively thin. Forexample, film 810 can have a total thickness in a range from 500 micronsto 2.000 microns. Accordingly, the benefits of using the angularlyselective film can be achieved without adding significant bulk to thewearable display system.

In some embodiments, angularly selective film 810 is a film stack thatincludes a polarization adjusting film arranged between pair ofpolarizer films (e.g., linear polarizers). The polarizer films andpolarization adjusting film significantly reduces transmission ofvisible light incident on angularly selective film 810 at large anglesof incidence without significantly reducing transmission of lightincident on the angularly selective film at small angles of incidence.

In general, the configuration of the two polarizers and the polarizationadjusting film can vary to provide a desired level of transmissionvariation over an angular incidence range of interest (e.g., from -75°to +75°). In some embodiments, the polarizers are linear polarizers andthe pass axes of the two linear polarizers can be crossed (e.g., at90°).

Generally, the polarization adjusting film includes one or morebirefringent layers that are designed rotate a polarization state oflight transmitted by a first of the pair of linear polarizers incidentfrom the world side. The birefringent layers can include A-plates, inwhich an extraordinary axis of the birefringent material is parallel toa plane of the layer, (e.g., a quarter waveplate (QW)) and/or C-plates,in which an extraordinary axis of the birefingent material isperpendicular to the plane of the layer, and example arrangements areshown below. More generally, birefringent layers can include uniaxial(e.g., as A-plates or C-plates) or biaxial birefringent materials.

Typically, the amount that the polarization adjusting layer rotates thepolarization state varies depending on the configuration of thepolarization adjusting layer and depending on an angle of incidence oflight transmitted by the first of the pair of linear polarizers. In someembodiments, the light transmitted having large angles of incidence(e.g., 35° or more) is rotated less than the light transmitted havingsmall angles of incidence (e.g., less than 35°). For example, where thepolarizers are crossed linear polarizers, the greater the amount ofrotation, up to 90°, the greater then transmission efficiency of thefilm. In such cases, greater rotation for on-axis light compared tolight at larger incident angles, is desirable. Conversely, in someembodiments, the polarizer axes are parallel and the polarizationadjusting film rotates on-axis light less than light at larger incidentangles.

Generally, the angularly selective film is sized appropriately to coverat least a portion of the eyepiece of the wearable display system. Forexample, in some embodiments, the angularly selective film can have anarea greater than 50 mm x 50 mm.

Turning now to specific examples of angularly selective films and withreference to FIG. 9 , an eyepiece 900 for a wearable display systemincludes display combiner 800 and a film stack 910 that operates as anangularly selective film. Stack 910 includes a pair of linear polarizers920 a and 920 b. Between the linear polarizers, stack 910 includes apair of quarter waveplates (QWs) 930 a and 930 b on either side of aC-plate 940.

The fast axes of the waveplates 930 a and 930 b are oriented atapproximately 45° to the pass axes of linear polarizers 920 a and 920 b,respectively, so that the combination of linear polarizer 920 b and QW930 b convert unpolarized light incident from the world side tosubstantially circularly polarized light (i.e., the combination behavesas a circular polarizer). The combination of QW 930 a and linearpolarizer 920 a behave similarly. Note the handedness of each circularpolarizer are the same.

C-plate 940 has zero retardance for normally incident light but hasnon-zero retardance for obliquely incident light. Without wishing to bebound by theory, the retardation of a C-plate as a function of incidentangle can be given by:

$\Gamma = n_{o}k_{o}d\sqrt{\left( {1 - sin^{2}{\theta/{n_{e}{}^{2}}}} \right) - \left( {1 - sin^{2}{\theta/{n_{o}{}^{2}}}} \right)},$

where n_(o) is the ordinary refractive index of the C-plate, n_(e)is theextraordinary refractive index of the C-plate, θ is the angle ofincidence with respect to the normal to the C-plate interface, k_(o) =2π/λ is the wavenumber of the incident light, λ is the wavelength ofincident light, and d is the thickness of the C-plate. By usingcircularly polarized light, the excitation of the ordinary andextraordinary modes in the C-plate for all angles of incidence isroughly equal. This leads to transmission from the input circularpolarization state into the same circular polarization state at theoutput of T = cos²(Γ/2).

An example of transmission as a function of incident angle for stack 910is shown in FIG. 10 . Here, transmission as a function of incident angleis shown for a C-plate example with n_(o) = 1.5236, n_(e)= 1.52, and d =153 µm at three different wavelengths. Transmission, here, is normalizedto unity for on-axis light and remains at 1 or close to 1 out toapproximately 20°, after which it declines monotonically to zero between60° and 80°, depending on the wavelength. For shorter wavelengths (e.g.,460 nm and 525 nm), the transmission increases as angles of incidenceincrease out to 90°.

While FIG. 9 shows an example of an angularly selective film thatincludes birefringent layers between two linear polarizers,implementations with additional layers are possible. For example, FIG.10 shows an eyepiece 100 that includes a film stack 1010 applied to theworld side of display combiner 800. Film stack 1010 includes threelinear polarizers 1020 a, 1020 b, and 1020 c. A first polarizationadjustment stack is arranged between polarizers 1020 a and 1020 b. Thisstack includes a pair of QWs 1030 a and 130 b on either side of aC-plate 1040 a. A second polarization adjustment stack is arrangedbetween polarizers 1020 b and 1020 c. This stack includes QWs 1030 c and1030 d on either side of a C-plate 1040 b. Effectively, stack 1010performs like two stacks 910 stacked together.

Stack 910 can be considered a single stage arrangement, and stack 1010 adouble stage. Generally, additional stages can be added. Without wishingto be bound by theory, several stages may be used in series to provide adifferent transmission response T =cos²(Γ₁/2)cos²(Γ₂/2)....cos²(Γ_(n)/2) where Γ_(n) is the retardation ofthe nth stage.

The use of multiple stages in series can enable stronger attenuation oflight from large angles of incidence. For example, referring to FIG. 11, transmission as a function of incident angle for a two-stage C-platearrangement, such as stack 1010, is shown. In this example, no = 1.5236,ne = 1.52, the thickness of the C-plate in the first stage (i.e., 1040b) is d1 = 111 µm, and the thickness of the C-plate in the second stage(i.e., 1040 a) is d2 = 111 µm. Compared to the single stage filmdepicted in FIG. 10 , transmission at high angles of incidence out to90° remains low at 460 nm and 525 nm, rather than increase from aminimum value between 60° and 80°.

A variety of suitable different materials can be used for each of thelayers in an angularly selective film. Linear polarizers, for example,can be formed from stretched polymer material (e.g., PVA) that has beenstained with a chromophore (e.g., iodine). Commercially available linearpolarizers, such as those available from Sanritz Co. (Japan) or NittoDenko (Japan), can be used. QWs can be made from stretched polymer filmsor liquid crystal polymer films, for example. C-plates can be formedfrom cast polymer films, such as case cellulose triacetate, for example.Liquid crystal polymer C-plates are also possible.

Generally, while each layer is represented as a homogenous layer,composite layers are possible. For example, C-plates can be formed frommultiple stacked layers each having different optical properties fromits adjacent layers. Similarly, multilayer QWs can be used.

In general, the film stacks can include additional layers beyond thosedescribed above. For instance, stacks an include additional layers toprovide mechanical functions, rather than optical functions. Adhesivelayers and/or layers for mechanical strength and/or environmentalprotection can be included. Such layers can be optically isotroptic, soas to not significantly impact polarization of transmitted light. Insome embodiments, the stack includes one or more layers on the worldside of the outermost linear polarizer. For instance, antireflectionfilms and/or hardcoat layers can be included.

While the foregoing examples of angularly selective films includeoptically passive elements, more generally, implementations can featureoptically active elements too. Such elements can change their opticalproperties, and thus change the transmissive properties of the angularlyselective film, in response to an electrical signal or some otherphysical stimulus. For example, FIG. 13 shows an eyepiece 1100 thatincludes a stack 1110 on display combiner 800 that includes a liquidcrystal (LC) segmented dimmer 1150 in addition to several passiveoptical films. Film stack 1110 includes polarizers 1120 a, 1120 b, and1120 c (e.g., linear polarizers). A polarization adjusting stackcomposed of a C-plate 1140 between two A-plates 1130 a and 1130 b isarranged between polarizers 1120 b and 1120 c on the world side ofdimmer 1150, which is arranged between polarizers 1120 a and 1120 b.Effectively, stack 1110 corresponds to a single stage attenuator (asshown in FIG. 9 ) stacked with LC dimmer 1150.

Segmented LC dimmer 1150 is a pixelated device that allows variablecontrol of light transmission across the area of eyepiece 1100. In someembodiments, LC dimmer 1150 includes a layer of a liquid crystalmaterial (e.g., a nematic LC material) between two transparentelectrodes (e.g., formed from indium tin oxide). The electrodes can bepatterned to form pixels that can each be individually addressed bydrive signals to control the orientation of LC molecules in the LClayer. Transmission through each pixel will generally vary as a functionof the voltage applied to the pixel electrodes. LC dimmer 1150 canoperate as a variable neutral density filter, for example wheretransmission through the dimmer is constant across its area, but variesover time. For example, transmission through the dimmer can be reducedin bright ambient environments, e.g., when using the system in directsunlight. In darker environments, transmission can be increased.

LC dimmer 1150 can also vary transmission through the stack across thearea of the eyepiece. For example, in areas with substantial overheadillumination, LC dimmer 1150 can reduce transmission in the upper halfof the eyepiece will leaving transmission in the lower half of theeyepiece relatively high.

Using the spatial control of the LC dimmer over the area of the eyepiecemay also be used as a method of artifact suppression, though thisfunction should be balanced with preserving the user’s view of theworld. The dimmer may be darkened in front of the area of eyepiece thatgenerates the stray light path, therefore reducing the magnitude of theassociated artifact.

Dimmers can be included in multi-stage stacks too. For example,referring to FIG. 14 , an eyepiece 1200 includes a stack 1210 mounted ondisplay combiner 800 that includes a segmented dimmer 1250 in additionto a two stage angularly selective film. Specifically, stack 1210includes polarizers 1220 a, 1220 b, 1220 c, and 1220 d. Dimmer 1250 islocated between polarizers 1220 a and 1220 b, closest to displaycombiner 800. One stage of the angularly selective film includes QWs1230 a and 1230 b arranged on either side of a C-plate 1240 a. The otherstage includes QWs 1230 c and 1230 d arranged on either side of aC-plate 1240 b.

In some embodiments, a dimmer can be included between angularlyselective film stages. For example, FIG. 15 shows an eyepiece 1300 thatincludes a stack 1310 on a world side of display combiner 800, the stackincluding a LC segmented dimmer 1350 between two stages of an angularlyselective film. Stack 1310 includes polarizers 1320 a, 1320 b, 1320 c,and 1320 d. Dimmer 1350 is located between polarizers 1320 a and 1320 b,closest to display combiner 800. One stage of the angularly selectivefilm includes QWs 1330 a and 1330 b arranged on either side of a C-plate1340 a. The other stage includes QWs 1330 c and 1330 d arranged oneither side of a C-plate 1340 b.

Placing a single stage angularly selective film on either side of thedimmer, as in FIG. 15 , may be advantageous over having a two stageangularly selective film on one side of the dimmer, as in FIG. 14 ,e.g., from a mechanical perspective to save space in the stack ofoptical components used in the augmented reality display.

Some implementations described in this specification can be implementedas one or more groups or modules of digital electronic circuitry,computer software, firmware, or hardware, or in combinations of one ormore of them. Although different modules can be used, each module neednot be distinct, and multiple modules can be implemented on the samedigital electronic circuitry, computer software, firmware, or hardware,or combination thereof.

Some implementations described in this specification can be implementedas one or more computer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computerprogram instructions, encoded on computer storage medium for executionby, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. Acomputer storage medium can be, or can be included in, acomputer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate,a random or serial access memory array or device, or a combination ofone or more of them. Moreover, while a computer storage medium is not apropagated signal, a computer storage medium can be a source ordestination of computer program instructions encoded in an artificiallygenerated propagated signal. The computer storage medium can also be, orbe included in, one or more separate physical components or media (e.g.,multiple CDs, disks, or other storage devices).

The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all kinds of apparatus,devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example aprogrammable processor, a computer, a system on a chip, or multipleones, or combinations, of the foregoing. The apparatus can includespecial purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gatearray) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit). Theapparatus can also include, in addition to hardware, code that createsan execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g.,code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a databasemanagement system, an operating system, a cross-platform runtimeenvironment, a virtual machine, or a combination of one or more of them.The apparatus and execution environment can realize various differentcomputing model infrastructures, such as web services, distributedcomputing and grid computing infrastructures.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, softwareapplication, script, or code) can be written in any form of programminglanguage, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative orprocedural languages. A computer program may, but need not, correspondto a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of afile that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts storedin a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to theprogram in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files thatstore one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). Acomputer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or onmultiple computers that are located at one site or distributed acrossmultiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

Some of the processes and logic flows described in this specificationcan be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one ormore computer programs to perform actions by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC(application specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andprocessors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor willreceive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random accessmemory or both. A computer includes a processor for performing actionsin accordance with instructions and one or more memory devices forstoring instructions and data. A computer may also include, or beoperatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both,one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic,magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need nothave such devices. Devices suitable for storing computer programinstructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, mediaand memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memorydevices (e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory devices, and others),magnetic disks (e.g., internal hard disks, removable disks, and others),magneto optical disks, and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor andthe memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purposelogic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, operations can be implemented ona computer having a display device (e.g., a monitor, or another type ofdisplay device) for displaying information to the user and a keyboardand a pointing device (e.g., a mouse, a trackball, a tablet, a touchsensitive screen, or another type of pointing device) by which the usercan provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used toprovide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedbackprovided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visualfeedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from theuser can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactileinput. In addition, a computer can interact with a user by sendingdocuments to and receiving documents from a device that is used by theuser; for example, by sending web pages to a web browser on a user’sclient device in response to requests received from the web browser.

A computer system may include a single computing device, or multiplecomputers that operate in proximity or generally remote from each otherand typically interact through a communication network. Examples ofcommunication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a widearea network (“WAN”), an inter-network (e.g., the Internet), a networkcomprising a satellite link, and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., ad hocpeer-to-peer networks). A relationship of client and server may arise byvirtue of computer programs running on the respective computers andhaving a client-server relationship to each other.

FIG. 16 shows an example computer system 1600 that includes a processor1610, a memory 1620, a storage device 1630 and an input/output device1640. Each of the components 1610, 1620, 1630 and 1640 can beinterconnected, for example, by a system bus 1650. The processor 1610 iscapable of processing instructions for execution within the system 1600.In some implementations, the processor 1610 is a single-threadedprocessor, a multi-threaded processor, or another type of processor. Theprocessor 1610 is capable of processing instructions stored in thememory 1620 or on the storage device 1630. The memory 1620 and thestorage device 1630 can store information within the system 1600.

The input/output device 1640 provides input/output operations for thesystem 1600. In some implementations, the input/output device 1640 caninclude one or more of a network interface device, e.g., an Ethernetcard, a serial communication device, e.g., an RS-232 port, and/or awireless interface device, e.g., an 802.11 card, a 3G wireless modem, a4G wireless modem, etc. In some implementations, the input/output devicecan include driver devices configured to receive input data and sendoutput data to other input/output devices, e.g., wearable display system1660. In some implementations, mobile computing devices, mobilecommunication devices, and other devices can be used.

While this specification contains many details, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but ratheras descriptions of features specific to particular examples. Certainfeatures that are described in this specification in the context ofseparate implementations can also be combined. Conversely, variousfeatures that are described in the context of a single implementationcan also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in anysuitable subcombination.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, otherimplementations are within the scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is: 1-36. (canceled)
 37. A wearable display system,comprising: an eyepiece stack having a world side and a user sideopposite the world side, wherein during use a user positioned on theuser side views displayed images delivered by the wearable displaysystem via the eyepiece stack which augment the user’s field of view ofthe user’s environment; and an angularly selective film arranged on theworld side of the of the eyepiece stack, the angularly selective filmcomprising a polarization adjusting film arranged between a pair oflinear polarizers, wherein, for unpolarized light in a wavelength rangefrom 420 nm to 680 nm, the angularly selective film has a transmissionefficiency of 40% or more at angles of incidence less than 35° and has atransmission efficiency of 1% or less for at least one angle ofincidence greater than 35 °.
 38. The wearable display system of claim37, wherein for unpolarized light in a wavelength range from 420 nm to680 nm, the angularly selective film has a transmission efficiencygreater than 45% at angles of incidence between -32° and + 32°.
 39. Thewearable display system of claim 37, wherein pass axes of the pair oflinear polarizers are crossed.
 40. The wearable display system of claim37, wherein the polarization adjusting film rotates a polarization stateof light transmitted by a first linear polarizer of the pair of linearpolarizers on the world side of the polarization adjusting film.
 41. Thewearable display system of claim 40, wherein an amount of rotation ofthe polarization state varies depending on an angle of incidence oflight transmitted by the first linear polarizer of the pair of linearpolarizers.
 42. The wearable display system of claim 41, wherein thelight transmitted having angles of incidence of 35° or more is rotatedless than the light transmitted having angles of incidence less than35°.
 43. The wearable display system of claim 37, wherein unpolarizedlight of wavelength in a range from 420 nm to 680 nm incident of theangularly selective film with an angle of incidence between 35° and 65°has a transmission efficiency less than 0.5%.
 44. The wearable displaysystem of claim 37, wherein for a D65 source, the angularly selectivefilm shifts a (0.33, 0.33) CIE 1931 white point less than (+/- 0.2, +/-0.2) for unpolarized light with an angle of incidence between -32° and +32°.
 45. The wearable display system of claim 37, wherein thepolarization adjusting film comprises at least one layer of abirefringent material.
 46. The wearable display system of claim 45,wherein the at least one layer of birefringent material comprises aC-plate.
 47. The wearable display system of claim 46, wherein the atleast one layer of birefringent material comprises a pair of quarterwave plates, the quarter wave plates being disposed on opposite sides ofthe C-plate.
 48. The wearable display system of claim 47, wherein theeach of the pair of quarter wave plates is arranged relative to acorresponding one of the linear polarizers to form a circular polarizer.49. The wearable display system of claim 46, wherein the at least onelayer of birefringent material comprises at least one quarter waveplate.
 50. The wearable display system of claim 37, wherein thepolarization adjusting film is a first polarization adjusting film andthe angularly selective film further comprises a second polarizationadjusting film and a third linear polarizer, the second polarizationadjusting film being arranged between the pair of linear polarizers andthe third linear polarizer.
 51. The wearable display system of claim 50,wherein the first and second polarization adjusting films are eachcomposed of one or more layers of birefringent materials.
 52. Thewearable display system of claim 51, wherein the one or more layers ofbirefringent materials of the first and second polarization adjustingfilms each comprises a C-plate.
 53. The wearable display system of claim52, wherein the one or more layers of birefringent materials of thefirst and second polarization adjusting films each comprise a pair ofquarter wave plates arranged on opposite sides of the correspondingC-plate.
 54. The wearable display system of claim 37, wherein theangularly selective film comprises two or more stages, each stagecomprising a polarization adjusting film arranged between a pair oflinear polarizers.
 55. The wearable display system of claim 54, whereinadjacent stages share a linear polarizer.
 56. The wearable displaysystem of claim 37, wherein the angularly selective film furthercomprises a liquid crystal layer having variable optical properties.